Abstract: This paper presents the results of a process tracing study of digital transformation
in Denmark. The study is part of a European Horizon 2020 project
entitled Co-Val (Understanding value co-creation in public services for transforming
European public administrations). The paper traces the development
of policies and stakeholders involvement that have contributed to achieving
the digital transformation in Denmark’s public administration as it is reflected
by the current DESI index over the last two decades [1]. The study uses
a qualitative methodology in the form of case study [2]. In particular, a
longitudinal case study and process tracing methodology is used. The data
are secondary data consisting of digital transformation strategies, policies and
related documents and press releases retrieved on governmental websites.
The case study provides an overview of Denmark’s digitalization position in
relation to the rest of EU, the basic digital policies and strategies that the
Danish government has undertaken over the last two decades as well as an
account of the key stakeholders involved in such a process. The case study is
important because it sheds light on the digital transformation process in the
most advanced country according to the DESI Index and therefore it presents
some lessons other countries might learn from.
Keywords: Digital transformation, e-government, process tracing, Public
administration services, digitalization, ICT.
Analysis of Sharing Economy Services:
Initial Findings from Sharing Cities Sweden doi: https://doi.org/10.13052/nbjict1902-097X.2018.013
Jan Markendahl1, Mohammad Istiak Hossain1, Kes Mccormick2, Tove Lund3, Jon Möller4 and Philip Näslund5
1Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
2 International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, Sweden
3City of Gothenburg, Sweden
4City of Stockholm, Sweden
5City of Umeå, Sweden
Abstract: [+] | Download File [ 1043KB ] | Read Article Online
Abstract: In this paper, we analyze different types of sharing economy services. The
sharing economy is a wide concept where many types of activities and
services can be included. Overall we aim to identify recurrent patterns but
also similarities and differences between different types of sharing services.
We discuss a multitude of different services, e.g. car pools, bike pools, sharing
of tools and equipment, sharing of land for farming, sharing of parking and
homes, and co-working spaces. It is a mix of different set ups regarding if it
is commercial or community driven, type of service provider, usage fee or for
free, open or closed access.
We look into drivers for different types of actors to use different types
of sharing. In addition we look into how sharing services are offered and the
platform implications.We study a set of sharing services in cities in Sweden.
Primary data is collected from interviews with providers of sharing services
and representatives of cities. Using an existing framework, we look into different types of “sharing economiesâ€, and the “close cousins†of on-demand
economy, second-hand economy and product service economy. Using the
characteristics “idle capacityâ€, “temporal useâ€, and “consumer to consumerâ€
it is possible to distinguish cases not being typical sharing economy.
Second hand and recycling of goods is not about temporary use, while car
and bike pools, car rental, co-working spaces are not about idle capacity, the
resources are there in order to be borrowed or rented. Using an open service
platform any resource, provider, or seller as well any seller/user/renter can
connect to the service; examples are eBay, Hygglo, and GrowGothenburg.
For bike and pools, car rental and co-working spaces any user can rent but the
resources are closely related to the renting service, external resources cannot
be connected to the platform.
Keywords: Sharing services, Sharing economy, Business models, Digital
platforms.
Internet Lite for Sustainable Development doi: https://doi.org/10.13052/nbjict1902-097X.2018.012
Josef Noll1,2, Wisam A. Mansour1,*, Christine Holst3, Sudhir Dixit1,
Felix K. Sukums4,9, Helena A. Ngowi5, Danica Radovanović1, Elibariki R. Mwakapeje6, Maurice Isabwe7, Andrea S.Winkler3,8 and Bernard Ngowi4
1Basic Internet Foundation, Kjeller, Norway
2Dept. of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
5Dept. of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
6Dept. of Food Safety and Infectious Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Adamstua Campus, Oslo, Norway
7Dept. of Information and Communication Technology, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
8Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
9Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Abstract: The Digital Divide is one of the key challenges for mankind. Despite attempts
to digitally include people, the divide is bigger than ever. This contribution
[1] to a sustainable future promotes “Internet lite†as the new paradigm
for providing everyone with the opportunity to participate in the digital
society. The current paper first addresses the reasons for the digital divide,
thereafter addresses free access to information as catalyst for the sustainable
development goals (SDGs) and provides the path towards “Internet lite for allâ€.
Keywords: Digital inclusion, sustainable
Abstract: The paper is concerned with the demise of postal services in light of
the development of digital information and communication services. To an
increasing degree digital services substitute for postal letter services, while
digital and postal services complement one another with respect to parcel
services. Denmark is used as case country.
Keywords: Digitalization, postal services, substitution, Denmark, country
comparison.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is emerging and evolving rapidly.
Various technical solutions for multiple purposes have been proposed for
its implementation. The rapid evolution and utilization of IoT technologies
has raised security concerns and created a feeling of uncertainty among
IoT adopters. The purpose of this article is to examine the current research
trends related to security concerns of the IoT concept and provide a detailed
understanding of the topic. We thus applied two types of literature reviews
as the methodological approach. The manual systematic mapping study was
performed over 3500 articles, out of which 38 were selected for a closer
examination. Out of these articles, the concerns, solutions and research gaps
for the security in the IoT concept were extracted. This mapping study
identified 9 main concerns and 11 solutions. The findings also revealed
challenges, such as secure privacy management and cloud integration that
still require efficient solutions. The results of the manual systematic mapping
study were extended by using automatic content analysis tools on two datasets
(–2016 and –2018) fromWeb of Science. This content analysis produces trends
over the years on IoT security.
Keywords: Internet of things, Security, IoT threats, security solutions.
Abstract: A hybrid cloud computing architecture that places the mobile device or thin
clients first is the logical choice especially in regions with low fixed broadband
but high mobile penetration rates. The hybrid cloud model combines the
benefits of computing resource elasticity in the public cloud whilst maintaining
control of sensitive data and mission-critical applications mainly in a private
cloud infrastructure. One industry that stands to benefit from extending
mobile computing with hybrid cloud infrastructure is the healthcare industry
where clinicians need the ability to access healthcare data from different
locations and across multiple devices. This paper identifies a hybrid cloud
architecture to support mobile device access and satisfy specific business
requirements using the case of a selected hospital in Ghana. In the design
of the hybrid cloud architecture the functional and non-functional viewpoints
are considered using a case study where the selected hospital is used to conceptually
define the requirements and set-up of a hybrid cloud architecture. The
case study approach is used to illustrate the practical challenges and limitations
for a hybrid cloud architecture in a developing country. The suitability of the
design was validated using the metrics of availability, reliability, response time
and throughput.
Keywords: Hybrid cloud, cloud architecture, mobile cloud, cloud computing
in healthcare.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of institutional legitimacy in
the development and delivery of digital public cross-border services in the
EU. The digital public cross-border services between Denmark/Sweden and
Denmark/Germany are the test cases that are investigated. Empirical data was
gathered from two organizations namely, Region Sønderjylland – Schleswig
and the Øresunddirekt Sweden. Both organizations are informational and
advisory services that promote public digital cross-border services at the
Danish/German and Danish/Swedish border. The findings point to institutional
legitimacy promoting the development and delivery of national digital public
infrastructure and service delivery. The findings also points to institutional
legitimacy acting as a barrier to the development and delivery of digital public
infrastructure and services across border.
Keywords: e-government, cross-border services, institutional legitimacy,
internationalization, e-services.
Abstract: The paper conducts a comprehensive review and critical comparison of the
empirical methodologies for defining the high-technology sector (or ‘tech’)
in social science research and analysis. It consolidates both qualitative
(expert-based) approaches and quantitative (threshold-based) approaches for
the broader audience of researchers. In the quantitative approaches, the
paper identifies two accepted metrics and two loosely defined criteria used
in distinguishing tech. The paper finds a generally consistent theoretical
conceptualization for how to distinguish tech from other sectors, but inconsistency
and no consensus on the implementation of that theory in applied
research methods. The paper proposes two steps forward for future methodologies
by identifying of a set of consensus industries present across tech
definitions and by arguing for a continuum-based approach to identifying
technology intensity in industries, businesses, and products/services.
Keywords: Technology sector, digital economy, online platforms,
technology theory, measurement of technology.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the status of cross-border e-Government
business services within the Baltic Sea Region, and to identify the most
important barriers towards further development in this area. Empirical data
for the study are collected through 60 interviews with international companies
with operations within the area. The research is made as a part of the EU
funded Interreg project DIGINNO. The findings point to language and identification/
authentication as major obstacles in development of cross-border
G2B services, however when these obstacles are overcome the service design
issue and adaptation of local e-government services to the needs of users from
other countries will become a major challenge.
Keywords: e-Government, Baltic Sea Region, cross-border business
services.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a model for the characterization of ICT services,
based on the particular properties ICT has as design material. The paper aims at
unifying traditions from service research and service encounter research with
the research traditions from Human Computer Interaction (HCI), interaction
design, and user experience research. We argue that the ICT in ICT-based
service encounter no longer should be seen as neutral or transparent tool, but
as an element that transform the service encounter. Based on a classification
of four types of service encounters, we identify the limitations to service
automation. The present paper is a revised version of the unpublished HICCS
2015 workshop paper “Characterization of ICT Services in a beyond 2020
Perspective†by the same authors.
Keywords: Service Encounters, Service Recovery, Service Design, ICTbased
services, ICT-centric services, User Experience.
Abstract: Today’s business environments are being subject to excrescent influence
by new competing business models and ever increasing technological
possibilities. This trend is unlikely to change in the near future. In fact, it would
most likely just increase even more, therefor an successful embedded multi
business model innovation processes within a business, would without any
doubt be able to increase the likelihood for success for that business, therefore
better understanding and measuring the multi business model innovation
processes itself is of utmost importance. This paper propose the modelValter’s
Seven Forces. The model is intended for analyzing the dominating forces
with high influence and effect on the business model innovation process,
either positively or negatively, depending on the situation of the force. The
Seven Forces in the model affect the probability for success of a business
model innovation process. The affect from the forces can be either positive
or negative depending on the situation. For instance, if the group dynamics
contain conflicts and interpersonal power battles, the probability for success of
the business model innovation process is affected negatively; however, if the
group dynamics contain respect, collaboration and harmony, the probability
for success of the business model innovation process is affected positively. Furthermore, this paper examines the engineering lab set-up with its laboratory
measurement tools used at the Scandinavia Biogas2020 conference 2017 in
Skive, Denmark to collect data regarding the business model innovation processes
in three business model innovations laboratory environments. Students
from Denmark, Norway and Sweden was involved in three multi business
model innovation processes with three different real-life business cases.
Keywords: Valter's Seven Forces, Business Model, Business Model Innovation, Disruptive Business Models, Business Model Innovation Process
Abstract: The Millennial generation born between 1982 and 2004 has now come of age
and has entered the scene as a very influential group due to their number and
background as the first generation co-existing with a digital life. This experience
gives the Millennial generation a unique basis to formulate requirements
and expectations to future digital trends. An illustrative conclusion drawn
below is that the Millennials, do not foresee the 5G use cases presented in the
typical 5G visions to be of any interest or usage to them. They do not want
to pay for these services. Furthermore, privacy and security are seen to be of
specific concern to the Millennials discussing 5G.
Keywords: Millennials, 5G, Requirements.
Abstract: The ability to innovate Business Models (BM) and do Multi Business ModelInnovation (MBMI) has become more complicated today, but also a very hot topic in many businesses and even for governments. As BM’s lifetime are becoming shorter and shorter, BM’s are also changing typologies and a larger part of these becomes disruptive. Danish Government already in 2017 formed a disruption council – as a reflection on this evolvement – its primary task was to discuss, analyze and come up with proposals for how businesses and society should prepare for future MBMI, disruptive BM’s and Business Model Ecosystems (BMES) [1 – 4, 6, 7, 16].
Sensing BM’s seems to hold some solutions to meet this development. The academic classification of Sensing BM’s and Sensing MBMI have until now been very fragmented defined. The Sensing BM and Sensing MBMI have not been clearly defined, also compared to other types of BM’s and Business Model Innovation (BMI). Several businesses believe they innovate Sensing BM’s (SBM), Operate Industrial 4.0 with advanced sensors – but are challenged when asked to classify SBM and SBMI.
The paper addresses – when can a BM be classified as a SBM. In relation to this topic – When can a business be classified as doing SBMI. The aim of the paper is:
- to add to the development of conceptual framework models and typologies [10 – 12 ] for classifying SBM’s and disruptive, radical and incremental SBM’s and SBMIs.
- to add to the development of MBMI framework and language using advanced sensor and wireless technologies.
The preliminary research was supported by a BM and BMI framework [29], combined with advanced sensing technology, enabling researchers to observe and do experiments with SBM’s and SBMI.
Keywords: Sensing Business Models, Sensing Business Model Innovation,
Sensor Technology, Digitalization of Business Models and Business Model
Innovation.
Abstract: Information privacy is jeopardized almost every time a person uses digital
services or applications. The European General Data Protection Regulation,
GDPR, recognizes that to empower the users and put focus on privacy, in the
future all software (as well as applications) must provide transparency and
consent so that the users are protected and are able to manage their privacy
in contrast of today. This paper researches the perception of privacy in use
of three selected applications; Endomondo, MobilePay and Roskilde Festival
apps. In an empirical study, participants have been instructed to draw mental
models of different use situations of these applications and to discuss where
there needs to be a privacy notification or other to inform the user about the
sharing of private data – as announced by the GDPR framework. The work
constitutes the first step in a process of understanding the design challenge of
the GDPR and for suggesting privacy related design for the interface design
with a focus on the user experience.
Keywords: Privacy, mental models, GDPR, privacy notices, usable privacy.
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