Algorithmic Price Discrimination and Consumer Protection

A Digital Arms Race?

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26116/techreg.2022.004

Keywords:

algorithms, consumers, discrimination, personalisation, price

Abstract

This paper investigates the practice of algorithmic price discrimination with a view to determining its impact on markets and society and making a possible plea for regulation. Online market players are gradually gaining the capacity to adapt prices dynamically based on knowledge generated through vast amounts of data, so that, theoretically, every individual consumer can be charged the maximum price he or she is willing to pay. The article discusses the downsides of data-driven price discrimination. It considers the extent to which such downsides are mitigated by European Union law, and what role remains for national provisions and consumer-empowering technologies. We find that the existing EU provisions address price discrimination only marginally and that full harmonisation, a goal pursued through many acts regulating consumer markets, restricts the Member States’ margin for independent legislation. Accordingly, consumer protection against algorithmic pricing may rely, in practice, on consumer-empowering technologies and initiatives. We investigate the implications of this state of affairs, arguing that an unbalanced “digital arms race” between the use of algorithms as market devices on the one hand, and their use as consumer protection tools on the other, does not ensure consumer protection. Based on these findings, we advance a claim for regulation which pursues two main goals: first, to make the race more balanced by strengthening the digital tools available to consumer protection actors and, second, to limit the battlefield by clarifying and refining the applicable rules and defining clearer categories of impermissible behaviours.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Mateusz Grochowski, Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law

Mateusz Grochowski is Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg and an Affiliated Fellow at the Information Society Project (Yale Law School).

Agnieszka Jabłonowska, Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw

Agnieszka Jabłonowska is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Law Studies, Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw and a former Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute.

Francesca Lagioia, University of Bologna

Francesca Lagioia is Senior Assistant Professor at the Law Department of the University of Bologna and Part-time Professor at the Law Department of the European University Institute.

Givanni Sartor, European University institute

Giovanni Sartor is Full Professor at the Law Department of the University of Bologna and of the European University institute.

Downloads

Published

13-04-2022

How to Cite

Grochowski, M., Jabłonowska, A., Lagioia, F., & Sartor, G. (2022). Algorithmic Price Discrimination and Consumer Protection: A Digital Arms Race?. Technology and Regulation, 2022, 36–47. https://doi.org/10.26116/techreg.2022.004

Issue

Section

Special Issue: Should Data Drive Private Law?