“Preciso de Munições, Não de Boleia”: A Guerra Cibernética Ucraniana

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.42(2022).4021

Palavras-chave:

guerra cibernética, plataformas online, comunicação, ato de discurso, securitização, ativismo, Ucrânia

Resumo

A invasão russa da Ucrânia em fevereiro de 2022 demonstrou que a guerra cibernética integra as estratégias militares modernas. Embora o exército russo tenha desenvolvido capacidades e competências cibernéticas ao longo dos anos, a Ucrânia criou rapidamente uma nova e inovadora defesa cibernética que inclui agentes públicos e privados. A utilização de plataformas de comunicação online para chegar às populações, dentro e fora do país, tem sido fundamental para o sucesso militar. O pensamento inventivo permitiu aos agentes utilizar o espaço online e desenvolver novas táticas informáticas para defender o país. A intensa presença online do presidente da Ucrânia, Zelenskyy, contrasta claramente com a do Presidente Putin da Rússia. O Presidente Zelenskyy domina a comunicação online e fala diretamente com as pessoas. A sua constante utilização de plataformas virtuais de comunicação motivou a formação de novos movimentos de resistência públicos e privados assentes no ativismo cívico e numa postura desafiadora contra a agressão russa. Vários grupos não governamentais de hackers, hacktivistas e ativistas criaram uma estrutura de resistência, onde cada um assumiu um papel num sistema nodal, em função das competências e dos níveis de envolvimento. Este artigo abordará como a liderança ucraniana tem desenvolvido um ato de discurso bem-sucedido que tem mobilizado inúmeros utilizadores online interna e externamente. Este ato de discurso permitiu uma nova forma de ativismo cívico online onde os intervenientes online combatem as forças militares — sem serem na sua maioria contratados pelo estado. Nos primeiros 40 dias, este ativismo provou trazer benefícios para a força militar existente defender a Ucrânia. O artigo investiga o papel da Ucrânia na luta de David e Golias e como as iniciativas da Ucrânia têm ajudado a desenvolver a sua defesa cibernética. A investigação assenta em fontes secundárias predominantemente baseadas em teoria fundamentada, onde os dados recolhidos são comparados de forma crítica com o conteúdo teórico. Todos os dados são recolhidos e analisados teoricamente com base nas abordagens sociopolíticas estabelecidas, decorrentes da análise do discurso. Esta investigação tem como horizonte temporal os primeiros 40 dias do conflito, com início a 24 de fevereiro de 2022.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografias Autor

Tine Munk, Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, School of Social Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Reino Unido

Tine Munk tem como área de investigação o cibercrime e a segurança cibernética, com destaque para o cibercrime de motivação política e os ataques em grande escala. Ela dedica-se à investigação de agentes, motivações, meios e métodos, e relações de poder.

Juan Ahmad, Criminology and Criminal Justice Department, School of Social Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Reino Unido

Juan Ahmad tem como tema de investigação de doutoramento a guerra cibernética e o uso desordens informativas como arma em conflitos. Ele dedica-se à investigação de guerras híbridas, armas online, e cibersegurança e estratégias online.

Referências

Ahmad, J. (2020). ‘Hacking or not hacking… that’s the question’. Definitional challenges and hacking practices. MDX Library

Anderson, G., & Herr, K. (2007). Introduction. In G. Anderson & K. Herr (Eds.), Encyclopedia of activism and social justice (pp. 19–27). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956215

Anonymous [@YourAnonNews]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved March 27, 2022, from https://twitter.com/YourAnonNews?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor

Anonymous. [@YourAnonNews]. (2022, February 28). Translation: The food was great! Unfortunately, Putin spoiled our appetites by invading Ukraine. Stand up to your dictator, stop killing [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/YourAnonNews/status/1498341870774235138

Anonymous TV. [@YourAnonTV]. (2022, February 26). JUST IN: #Russian state TV channels have been hacked by #Anonymous to broadcast the truth about what happens in #Ukraine [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/YourAnonTV/status/1497678663046905863?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1497678663046905863%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fanonymous-the-hacker-collectiv

Baynes, M. (2022, March 2). ‘Food was great! Unfortunately Putin spoiled our appetites by invading Ukraine’ - TripAdvisor disables Russian reviews. SkyNews. https://news.sky.com/story/food-was-great-unfortunately-putin-spoiled-our-appetites-by-invading-ukraine-tripadvisor-disables-russian-reviews-12555968

Braithwaite, S. (2022, February 26). Zelensky refuses US offer to evacuate, saying ‘I need ammunition, not a ride’. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/26/europe/ukraine-zelensky-evacuation-intl/index.html

Buncombe, A. (2022, March 18). How Ukrainian president Zelensky’s simple green t-shirt became an iconic message of defiance. The Independent. https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/how-ukrainian-president-zelensky-s-simple-green-t-shirt-became-an-iconic-message-of-defiance/ar-AAVftJX

Burgess, M. (2022, February 27). Ukraine’s volunteer ‘IT army’ is hacking in uncharted territory. Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ukraine-it-army-russia-war-cyberattacks-ddos#:~:text=The%20country%20has%20enlisted%20thousands,the%20war%20effort%20against%20Russia.&text=Vladimir%20Putin’s%20attack%20on%20Ukraine,the%20country’s%20towns%20and%20cities

Burton, J. (2022, March 17). Zelensky lego figures released to raise money for Ukraine refugees. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/zelensky-lego-figure-charity-ukraine-refugees-1689010

Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817762

Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security. A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685853808

Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society, Vol. 1. The information age: Economy, society and culture. Blackwell.

Castells, M., & Kumar, M. (2014). A conversation with Manuel Castells. Berkeley Planning Journal, 27(1), 93–99. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2ns059h3/qt2ns059h3.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.5070/BP327124502

CBS/AP. (2022, March 18). Putin calls opponents “scum and traitors” as Moscow announces new crackdown on “false information”. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putin-opponents-scum-traitors-repression/

Chayka, K. (2022, March 3). Watching the world’s “first TikTok war”. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/infinite-scroll/watching-the-worlds-first-tiktok-war

Clayton, J., & Dyer, J. (2022, March 5). Ukraine war: The TikToker spreading viral videos. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-60613331

CNN. (2022, February 26). Zelensky post video in the streets of Kyiv. Anderson Cooper 360. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2022/02/26/zelensky-selfie-street-video-vpx.cnn

Coker, J. (2022, March 11). Anonymous claims to have leaked over 360,000 files from Russian Federal Agency. Infosecurity Magazine. https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/anonymous-leaked-files-russian/

Collier, J., Dong, S., & Arouzi, A. (2022, March 22). Hacktivists, new and veteran, target Russia with one of cyber’s oldest tools. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/hacktivists-new-veteran-target-russia-one-cybers-oldest-tools-rcna20652

Convention on cybercrime, November 23, 2001, https://rm.coe.int/1680081561

Council of Europe. (2022, March 27). Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 185. https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=signatures-by-treaty&treatynum=185

Deighton, K. (2022, March 2). Tripadvisor, Google Maps suspend reviews of some Russian listings. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/russia-ukraine-latest-news-2022-03-02/card/tripadvisor-google-maps-suspend-reviews-of-some-russian-listings-vM2no1PgGDmMkL2TSvPZ#:~:text=The%20suspensions%20were%20made%20in,off%20from%20other%20media%20platforms

Dunaway, J. L., & Graber, D. A. (2022). Mass media and American politics (11th ed.). Sage.

Fisher, M. (2022, February 24). Putin’s case for war, annotated. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/putin-ukraine-speech.html

Freedland, J. (2022, March). A key reason Putin’s bloody invasion is faltering? He’s no match for Zelenskiy’s iPhone. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/25/churchill-iphone-volodymyr-zelenskiy-ukraine-west

Glover, N. (2011, October 9). Does security exist outside of the speech act? E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2011/10/09/does-security-exist-outside-of-the-speech-act/

Hamilton, I. A. (2022, March 3). Google and TripAdvisor disable restaurant reviews in Russia after they were flooded with protests against the Ukraine invasion. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/google-tripadvisor-disable-reviews-russia-ukraine-2022-3?r=US&IR=T

Hassan, R. (2008). The information society. Polity Press.

Hern, A. (2022, March 21). TikTok algorithm directs users to fake news about Ukraine war, study says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/mar/21/tiktok-algorithm-directs-users-to-fake-news-about-ukraine-war-study-says

Hirst, K. K. (2018, December 10). Understanding mass media and mass communication. Thoughtco. https://www.thoughtco.com/mass-media-and-communication-4177301

Holmes, O. (2022, February). Putin’s massive table: Powerplay or paranoia? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/08/vladimir-putin-massive-table

Hough, P. (2018). Understanding global security. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315191164

Jewkes, Y. (2015). Media and crime. Sage.

Karagiannopoulos, V. (2018). Living with hacktivism: From conflict to symbiosis. Springer International Publishing AG. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71758-6

Kremling, J., & Parker, A. (2017). Cyberspace, cybersecurity, and cybercrime. Sage.

Lewis, K., Gray, K., & Meierhenrich, J. (2014). The structure of online activism. Sociological Science, 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.15195/v1.a1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15195/v1.a1

Li, X. (2013). Hacktivism and the first amendment: Drawing the line between cyber protests and crime. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 27(1), 302–323. http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v27/27HarvJLTech301.pdf

Ludwig, S., & de Ruyter, K. (2016). Decoding social media speak: Developing a speech act theory research agenda. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(2), 124–144. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2015-1405 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2015-1405

Lutkevich, B., & Bacon, M. (2021, May). What is hacktivism? Techtarget. https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/hacktivism

Maritime Industry News. (2022, March 1). Hackers rename Putin’s superyacht ‘FCKPTN’ in maritime data breach. https://marineindustrynews.co.uk/hackers-rename-putins-superyacht-fckptn-in-maritime-data-breach/

McGuinness, D. (2022, March 17). Ukraine’s Zelensky calls on Germany to tear down the Russian wall. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60777050

McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6nd ed.). Sage.

Milmo, D. (2022a, February 18). Amateur hackers warned against joining Ukraine’s ‘IT army’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/18/amateur-hackers-warned-against-joining-ukraines-it-army

Milmo, D. (2022b, February 27). Anonymous: The hacker collective that has declared cyberwar on Russia. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/27/anonymous-the-hacker-collective-that-has-declared-cyberwar-on-russia

Mulvey, S. (2022, February 26). Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelensky: The comedian president who is rising to the moment. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-59667938

Munk, T. (2015). Cyber-security in the European region: Anticipatory governance and practices [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Manchester]. The University of Manchester. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cybersecurity-in-the-european-region-anticipatory-governance-and-practices(6658eec7-cc61-4c84-9054-ea40cf405ed9).html

Munk, T. (2018). Policing virtual spaces: Public and private online challenges in a legal perspective. In M. Den Boer (Ed.), Comparative policing from a legal perspective (pp. 228–254). EE publising. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785369117.00020

Munk, T. (2022a). The rise of politically motivated cyber attacks. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003126676

Munk, T. (2022b, March 9). Onlinekrig: Rusland mod Ukraine - og verden. Jyllands Posten. https://jyllands-posten.dk/debat/kronik/ECE13800745/onlinekrig-rusland-mod-ukraine-og-resten-af-verden/

Myustee. (2022). Zelensky green tee shirt Ukraine. https://myustee.com/product/pkr-ukrainian-president-wearing-ukrainian-armed-forces-shirt/

Newman, L. A. (2022, March 3). Hacktivists stoke pandemonium amid Russia’s war in Ukraine. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/hacktivists-pandemonium-russia-war-ukraine/

Newman, N., Dutton, W. H., & Blank, G. (2014). Social media and the news: Implications for the press and society. In M. Graham & W. H. Dutton (Eds.), Society and the internet (pp. 132–148). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661992.003.0009

O’Connor, M. (2022, February 24). Russia attack on Ukraine catastrophe for Europe, say Boris Johnson. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60504204

Parry, M. (2022, March 20). Watch live as Zelensky addresses Israel’s parliament in video call. The Independent. https://uk.news.yahoo.com/watch-live-zelensky-addresses-israel-161544575.html

Paul, K. (2022, March 20). TikTok was ‘just a dancing app’. Then the Ukraine war started. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/mar/19/tiktok-ukraine-russia-war-disinformation

Picclick. (2022). Zelensky green t-shirt tactical support Ukrainian shirt stand with Ukraine flag. https://picclick.com.au/zelensky-green-T-Shirt-Tactical-Shield-Stand-With-165382407015.html

Porche III, I. R., Paul, C., York, M., Serena, C. C., Sollinger, J. M., Axelband, E., Min, E. Y., & Held, B. J. (2013). Redefining information warfare boundaries for an army in a wireless world. Rand Corporation.

Rauer, V. (2006). Symbols in action: Willy Brandt’s Kneefall at the Warshaw Memorial. In J. C. Alexander, B. Giesen, & J. L. Mast (Eds.), Social performance: Symbolic action, cultural pragmatics, and ritual (pp. 257–282). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616839.009

Roth, A., & Borger, J. (2022, February 21). Putin orders troops into eastern Ukraine on ‘peace-keeping duties’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/21/ukraine-putin-decide-recognition-breakaway-states-today

Russian state TV cuts away from Putin at pro-Russia rally – video. (2022, March 18). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/mar/18/russian-state-tv-cuts-away-from-putin-at-pro-russia-rally-video

Salter, M. B. (2008). Securitization and desecuritization: A dramaturgical analysis of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority. Journal of International Relations and Development, 11(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2008.20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2008.20

Sauer, P. (2022, March 18). Putin praises Russian’ unity’ at rally as glitch cuts state TV broadcast. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/18/putin-praises-russian-unity-at-rally-but-state-tv-broadcast-is-cut-off

Saul, D. (2022, February 15). Putin’s long tables explained: Why he puts some leaders, including Germany’s Scholz, at an extreme distance. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2022/02/15/putins-long-tables-explained-why-he-puts-some-leaders-including-germanys-scholz-at-an-extreme-distance/?sh=7fbc9d0d70fb

Sauter, M. (2014). The coming swarm. Bloomsbury Academics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781628926705

Schwarzenegger, A. [@Schwarzenegger] (2022, March 17). I love the Russian people. That is why I have to tell you the truth. Please watch and share [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/schwarzenegger/status/1504426844199669762

Scott, J. (2022, March 8). Ukraine: Volodymyr Zelensky to address UK MPs in commons. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60655003

‘Scum and traitors’: Putin threatens Russians who oppose war in Ukraine – video. (2022, March 17). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/mar/17/scum-and-traitors-putin-threatens-russians-who-oppose-war-in-ukraine-video

Siapera, E. (2018). Understanding new media (2nd ed.). Sage.

Smith, A. (2022a, February 28). Anonymous trolls Putin by renaming yacht ‘FCKPTN’ and sending it to ‘Hell’ by hacking maritime data. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/anonymous-vladimir-putin-yacht-fckptn-b2024780.html

Smith, A. (2022b, March 17). ‘Scum and traitors’: Under pressure over Ukraine, Putin turns his ire on Russians. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/scum-traitors-pressure-ukraine-putin-turns-ire-russians-rcna20410

Smith, A. (2022c, March 24). Google Maps suspends reviews as Russian landmarks flooded with photos of captured soldiers and news clips. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/google-maps-russian-landmarks-photos-reviews-b2027638.html

‘Speak plainly!’: Putin has tense exchange with his spy chief – video. (2022, February 22). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/feb/22/speak-plainly-putin-tense-exchange-spy-chief-ukraine-video

Sorell, T. (2015). Human rights and hacktivism: The cases of Wikileaks and Anonymous. Journal of Human Rights Practices, 7(3), 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huv012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huv012

Stanage, N. (2022, March 16). Five takeaways from Zelensky’s virtual address to congress. The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/598428-five-takeaways-from-zelenskys-virtual-address-to-congress

Stokel-Walker, C., & Milmo, D. (2022, March 15). ‘It’s the right thing to do’: The 300,000 volunteer hackers coming together to fight Russia. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/15/volunteer-hackers-fight-russia

Stupples, D. (2015, November 26). The next war will be an information war, and we’re not ready for it. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-next-war-will-be-an-information-war-and-were-not-ready-for-it-51218

The Associated Press. (2022, February 26). Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-business-europe-united-nations-kyiv-6ccba0905f1871992b93712d3585f548

The Kyiv Independent [@KyivIndependent]. (2022, March 7). Hacking group Anonymous interrupts Russian state TV programs with footage of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and an anti-war [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/KyivIndependent/status/1500631918584467464

Trackray, L. (2022, March 7). Tripadvisor blocks some Russian reviews as customers use it to protest war. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tripadvisor-blocks-russia-reviews-war-protest-b2030028.html

Ukraine: Arnold Schwarzenegger’s anti-war video trends on Russian social media. (2022, March 18). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-60794809

United Nations. (2022, February 22). Secretary-general says Russian Federation’s recognition of ‘Independent’ Donetsk, Luhansk violate Ukraine’s sovereignty, territorial integrity [Press release]. https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sgsm21153.doc.htm

Video: Ukrainian President Zelensky says country’s leaders remain in Kyiv. (2022, February 25). Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/video/video-ukrainian-president-zelensky-says-countrys-leaders-remain-in-kyiv/CFFBD1E0-2208-4379-A93E-85DA5CEC9228.html

Walker, S. (2022, February 21). Putin’s absurd, angry spectacle will be a turning point in his long reign. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/21/putin-angry-spectacle-amounts-to-declaration-war-ukraine

Watson, K. (2022, March 14). Zelensky to deliver virtual address to congress on Wednesday. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/volodymyr-zelensky-ukraine-president-us-congress-virtual-address/

Wolfsfeld, G. (2022). Making sense of media and politics (1st ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003176657

Zelenskyy, V. [@@ZelenskyyUa]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved April 2, 2022, from https://twitter.com/ZelenskyyUa?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor

Publicado

2022-12-16

Como Citar

Munk, T., & Ahmad, J. (2022). “Preciso de Munições, Não de Boleia”: A Guerra Cibernética Ucraniana. Comunicação E Sociedade, 42, 221–241. https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.42(2022).4021

Edição

Secção

Artigos Temáticos