“Preciso de Munições, Não de Boleia”: A Guerra Cibernética Ucraniana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.42(2022).4021Palavras-chave:
guerra cibernética, plataformas online, comunicação, ato de discurso, securitização, ativismo, UcrâniaResumo
A invasão russa da Ucrânia em fevereiro de 2022 demonstrou que a guerra cibernética integra as estratégias militares modernas. Embora o exército russo tenha desenvolvido capacidades e competências cibernéticas ao longo dos anos, a Ucrânia criou rapidamente uma nova e inovadora defesa cibernética que inclui agentes públicos e privados. A utilização de plataformas de comunicação online para chegar às populações, dentro e fora do país, tem sido fundamental para o sucesso militar. O pensamento inventivo permitiu aos agentes utilizar o espaço online e desenvolver novas táticas informáticas para defender o país. A intensa presença online do presidente da Ucrânia, Zelenskyy, contrasta claramente com a do Presidente Putin da Rússia. O Presidente Zelenskyy domina a comunicação online e fala diretamente com as pessoas. A sua constante utilização de plataformas virtuais de comunicação motivou a formação de novos movimentos de resistência públicos e privados assentes no ativismo cívico e numa postura desafiadora contra a agressão russa. Vários grupos não governamentais de hackers, hacktivistas e ativistas criaram uma estrutura de resistência, onde cada um assumiu um papel num sistema nodal, em função das competências e dos níveis de envolvimento. Este artigo abordará como a liderança ucraniana tem desenvolvido um ato de discurso bem-sucedido que tem mobilizado inúmeros utilizadores online interna e externamente. Este ato de discurso permitiu uma nova forma de ativismo cívico online onde os intervenientes online combatem as forças militares — sem serem na sua maioria contratados pelo estado. Nos primeiros 40 dias, este ativismo provou trazer benefícios para a força militar existente defender a Ucrânia. O artigo investiga o papel da Ucrânia na luta de David e Golias e como as iniciativas da Ucrânia têm ajudado a desenvolver a sua defesa cibernética. A investigação assenta em fontes secundárias predominantemente baseadas em teoria fundamentada, onde os dados recolhidos são comparados de forma crítica com o conteúdo teórico. Todos os dados são recolhidos e analisados teoricamente com base nas abordagens sociopolíticas estabelecidas, decorrentes da análise do discurso. Esta investigação tem como horizonte temporal os primeiros 40 dias do conflito, com início a 24 de fevereiro de 2022.
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